3 rrdgraph_rpn - About RPN Math in rrdtool graph
7 I<RPN expression>:=I<vname>|I<operator>|I<value>[,I<RPN expression>]
11 If you have ever used a traditional HP calculator you already know
12 B<RPN>. The idea behind B<RPN> is that you have a stack and push
13 your data onto this stack. Whenever you execute an operation, it
14 takes as many elements from the stack as needed. Pushing is done
15 implicitly, so whenever you specify a number or a variable, it gets
16 pushed onto the stack automatically.
18 At the end of the calculation there should be one and only one value left on
19 the stack. This is the outcome of the function and this is what is put into
20 the I<vname>. For B<CDEF> instructions, the stack is processed for each
21 data point on the graph. B<VDEF> instructions work on an entire data set in
22 one run. Note, that currently B<VDEF> instructions only support a limited
25 Example: C<VDEF:maximum=mydata,MAXIMUM>
27 This will set variable "maximum" which you now can use in the rest
30 Example: C<CDEF:mydatabits=mydata,8,*>
32 This means: push variable I<mydata>, push the number 8, execute
33 the operator I<*>. The operator needs two elements and uses those
34 to return one value. This value is then stored in I<mydatabits>.
35 As you may have guessed, this instruction means nothing more than
36 I<mydatabits = mydata * 8>. The real power of B<RPN> lies in the
37 fact that it is always clear in which order to process the input.
38 For expressions like C<a = b + 3 * 5> you need to multiply 3 with
39 5 first before you add I<b> to get I<a>. However, with parentheses
40 you could change this order: C<a = (b + 3) * 5>. In B<RPN>, you
41 would do C<a = b, 3, +, 5, *> without the need for parentheses.
47 =item Boolean operators
49 B<LT, LE, GT, GE, EQ, NE>
51 Pop two elements from the stack, compare them for the selected condition
52 and return 1 for true or 0 for false. Comparing an I<unknown> or an
53 I<infinite> value will always result in 0 (false).
57 Pop one element from the stack, compare this to I<unknown> respectively
58 to I<positive or negative infinity>. Returns 1 for true or 0 for false.
62 Pops three elements from the stack. If the element popped last is 0
63 (false), the value popped first is pushed back onto the stack,
64 otherwise the value popped second is pushed back. This does, indeed,
65 mean that any value other than 0 is considered to be true.
67 Example: C<A,B,C,IF> should be read as C<if (A) then (B) else (C)>
71 =item Comparing values
75 Pops two elements from the stack and returns the smaller or larger,
76 respectively. Note that I<infinite> is larger than anything else.
77 If one of the input numbers is I<unknown> then the result of the operation will be
82 Pops two elements from the stack and uses them to define a range.
83 Then it pops another element and if it falls inside the range, it
84 is pushed back. If not, an I<unknown> is pushed.
86 The range defined includes the two boundaries (so: a number equal
87 to one of the boundaries will be pushed back). If any of the three
88 numbers involved is either I<unknown> or I<infinite> this function
89 will always return an I<unknown>
91 Example: C<CDEF:a=alpha,0,100,LIMIT> will return I<unknown> if
92 alpha is lower than 0 or if it is higher than 100.
100 Add, subtract, multiply, divide, modulo
102 B<SIN, COS, LOG, EXP, SQRT>
104 Sine and cosine (input in radians), log and exp (natural logarithm),
109 Arctangent (output in radians).
113 Arctangent of y,x components (output in radians).
114 This pops one element from the stack, the x (cosine) component, and then
115 a second, which is the y (sine) component.
116 It then pushes the arctangent of their ratio, resolving the ambiguity between
119 Example: C<CDEF:angle=Y,X,ATAN2,RAD2DEG> will convert C<X,Y>
120 components into an angle in degrees.
124 Round down or up to the nearest integer.
128 Convert angle in degrees to radians, or radians to degrees.
132 Take the absolute value.
138 Pop one element from the stack. This is the I<count> of items to be sorted
139 (or reversed). The top I<count> of the remaining elements are then sorted
140 (or reversed) in place on the stack.
142 Example: C<CDEF:x=v1,v2,v3,v4,v5,v6,6,SORT,POP,5,REV,POP,+,+,+,4,/> will
143 compute the average of the values v1 to v6 after removing the smallest and
148 Pop one element (I<count>) from the stack. Now pop I<count> elements and build the
149 average, ignoring all UNKNOWN values in the process.
151 Example: C<CDEF:x=a,b,c,d,4,AVG>
155 Create a "sliding window" average of another data series.
158 CDEF:smoothed=x,1800,TREND
160 This will create a half-hour (1800 second) sliding window average of x. The
161 average is essentially computed as shown here:
163 +---!---!---!---!---!---!---!---!--->
173 Value at sample (t0) will be the average between (t0-delay) and (t0)
174 Value at sample (t1) will be the average between (t1-delay) and (t1)
175 Value at sample (t2) will be the average between (t2-delay) and (t2)
181 Pushes an unknown value on the stack
185 Pushes a positive or negative infinite value on the stack. When
186 such a value is graphed, it appears at the top or bottom of the
187 graph, no matter what the actual value on the y-axis is.
191 Pushes an I<unknown> value if this is the first value of a data
192 set or otherwise the result of this B<CDEF> at the previous time
193 step. This allows you to do calculations across the data. This
194 function cannot be used in B<VDEF> instructions.
198 Pushes an I<unknown> value if this is the first value of a data
199 set or otherwise the result of the vname variable at the previous time
200 step. This allows you to do calculations across the data. This
201 function cannot be used in B<VDEF> instructions.
205 Pushes the number 1 if this is the first value of the data set, the
206 number 2 if it is the second, and so on. This special value allows
207 you to make calculations based on the position of the value within
208 the data set. This function cannot be used in B<VDEF> instructions.
212 Time inside RRDtool is measured in seconds since the epoch. The
213 epoch is defined to be S<C<Thu Jan 1 00:00:00 UTC 1970>>.
217 Pushes the current time on the stack.
221 Pushes the time the currently processed value was taken at onto the stack.
225 Takes the time as defined by B<TIME>, applies the time zone offset
226 valid at that time including daylight saving time if your OS supports
227 it, and pushes the result on the stack. There is an elaborate example
228 in the examples section below on how to use this.
230 =item Processing the stack directly
234 Duplicate the top element, remove the top element, exchange the two
243 These operators work only on B<VDEF> statements. Note that currently ONLY these work for B<VDEF>.
247 =item MAXIMUM, MINIMUM, AVERAGE
249 Return the corresponding value, MAXIMUM and MINIMUM also return
250 the first occurrence of that value in the time component.
252 Example: C<VDEF:avg=mydata,AVERAGE>
256 Return the last/first value including its time. The time for
257 FIRST is actually the start of the corresponding interval, whereas
258 LAST returns the end of the corresponding interval.
260 Example: C<VDEF:first=mydata,FIRST>
264 Returns the rate from each defined time slot multiplied with the
265 step size. This can, for instance, return total bytes transfered
266 when you have logged bytes per second. The time component returns
267 the number of seconds.
269 Example: C<VDEF:total=mydata,TOTAL>
273 This should follow a B<DEF> or B<CDEF> I<vname>. The I<vname> is popped,
274 another number is popped which is a certain percentage (0..100). The
275 data set is then sorted and the value returned is chosen such that
276 I<percentage> percent of the values is lower or equal than the result.
277 I<Unknown> values are considered lower than any finite number for this
278 purpose so if this operator returns an I<unknown> you have quite a lot
279 of them in your data. B<Inf>inite numbers are lesser, or more, than the
280 finite numbers and are always more than the I<Unknown> numbers.
281 (NaN E<lt> -INF E<lt> finite values E<lt> INF)
283 Example: C<VDEF:perc95=mydata,95,PERCENT>
285 =item LSLSLOPE, LSLINT, LSLCORREL
287 Return the parameters for a B<L>east B<S>quares B<L>ine I<(y = mx +b)>
288 which approximate the provided dataset. LSLSLOPE is the slope I<(m)> of
289 the line related to the COUNT position of the data. LSLINT is the
290 y-intercept I<(b)>, which happens also to be the first data point on the
291 graph. LSLCORREL is the Correlation Coefficient (also know as Pearson's
292 Product Moment Correlation Coefficient). It will range from 0 to +/-1
293 and represents the quality of fit for the approximation.
295 Example: C<VDEF:slope=mydata,LSLSLOPE>
301 L<rrdgraph> gives an overview of how B<rrdtool graph> works.
302 L<rrdgraph_data> describes B<DEF>,B<CDEF> and B<VDEF> in detail.
303 L<rrdgraph_rpn> describes the B<RPN> language used in the B<?DEF> statements.
304 L<rrdgraph_graph> page describes all of the graph and print functions.
306 Make sure to read L<rrdgraph_examples> for tipsE<amp>tricks.
310 Program by Tobias Oetiker E<lt>tobi@oetiker.chE<gt>
312 This manual page by Alex van den Bogaerdt E<lt>alex@ergens.op.het.netE<gt>