From 3eb5128a108d59be350ce7f43d1579d588158430 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Junio C Hamano Date: Fri, 15 Jul 2005 11:40:56 -0700 Subject: [PATCH] [PATCH] Documentation: pull, push, packing repository and working with others. Describe where you can pull from with a bit more detail. Clarify description of pushing. Add a section on packing repositories. Add a section on recommended workflow for the project lead, subsystem maintainers and individual developers. Move "Tag" section around to make the flow of example simpler to follow. Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds --- Documentation/tutorial.txt | 357 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 283 insertions(+), 74 deletions(-) diff --git a/Documentation/tutorial.txt b/Documentation/tutorial.txt index 50ac9271..b3f30ae7 100644 --- a/Documentation/tutorial.txt +++ b/Documentation/tutorial.txt @@ -453,6 +453,55 @@ With that, you should now be having some inkling of what git does, and can explore on your own. +[ Side note: most likely, you are not directly using the core + git Plumbing commands, but using Porcelain like Cogito on top + of it. Cogito works a bit differently and you usually do not + have to run "git-update-cache" yourself for changed files (you + do tell underlying git about additions and removals via + "cg-add" and "cg-rm" commands). Just before you make a commit + with "cg-commit", Cogito figures out which files you modified, + and runs "git-update-cache" on them for you. ] + + + Tagging a version + ----------------- + +In git, there's two kinds of tags, a "light" one, and a "signed tag". + +A "light" tag is technically nothing more than a branch, except we put +it in the ".git/refs/tags/" subdirectory instead of calling it a "head". +So the simplest form of tag involves nothing more than + + cat .git/HEAD > .git/refs/tags/my-first-tag + +after which point you can use this symbolic name for that particular +state. You can, for example, do + + git diff my-first-tag + +to diff your current state against that tag (which at this point will +obviously be an empty diff, but if you continue to develop and commit +stuff, you can use your tag as a "anchor-point" to see what has changed +since you tagged it. + +A "signed tag" is actually a real git object, and contains not only a +pointer to the state you want to tag, but also a small tag name and +message, along with a PGP signature that says that yes, you really did +that tag. You create these signed tags with + + git tag + +which will sign the current HEAD (but you can also give it another +argument that specifies the thing to tag, ie you could have tagged the +current "mybranch" point by using "git tag mybranch"). + +You normally only do signed tags for major releases or things +like that, while the light-weight tags are useful for any marking you +want to do - any time you decide that you want to remember a certain +point, just create a private tag for it, and you have a nice symbolic +name for the state at that point. + + Copying archives ----------------- @@ -729,117 +778,277 @@ simply do and optionally give a branch-name for the remote end as a second argument. -[ Todo: fill in real examples ] +The "remote" repository can even be on the same machine. One of +the following notations can be used to name the repository to +pull from: + Rsync URL + rsync://remote.machine/path/to/repo.git/ - Tagging a version - ----------------- + HTTP(s) URL + http://remote.machine/path/to/repo.git/ -In git, there's two kinds of tags, a "light" one, and a "signed tag". + GIT URL + git://remote.machine/path/to/repo.git/ + remote.machine:/path/to/repo.git/ -A "light" tag is technically nothing more than a branch, except we put -it in the ".git/refs/tags/" subdirectory instead of calling it a "head". -So the simplest form of tag involves nothing more than + Local directory + /path/to/repo.git/ - cat .git/HEAD > .git/refs/tags/my-first-tag +[ Side Note: currently, HTTP transport is slightly broken in + that when the remote repository is "packed" they do not always + work. But we have not talked about packing repository yet, so + let's not worry too much about it for now. ] -after which point you can use this symbolic name for that particular -state. You can, for example, do - - git diff my-first-tag - -to diff your current state against that tag (which at this point will -obviously be an empty diff, but if you continue to develop and commit -stuff, you can use your tag as a "anchor-point" to see what has changed -since you tagged it. - -A "signed tag" is actually a real git object, and contains not only a -pointer to the state you want to tag, but also a small tag name and -message, along with a PGP signature that says that yes, you really did -that tag. You create these signed tags with - - git tag - -which will sign the current HEAD (but you can also give it another -argument that specifies the thing to tag, ie you could have tagged the -current "mybranch" point by using "git tag mybranch"). - -You normally only do signed tags for major releases or things -like that, while the light-weight tags are useful for any marking you -want to do - any time you decide that you want to remember a certain -point, just create a private tag for it, and you have a nice symbolic -name for the state at that point. +[ Digression: you could do without using any branches at all, by + keeping as many local repositories as you would like to have + branches, and merging between them with "git pull", just like + you merge between branches. The advantage of this approach is + that it lets you keep set of files for each "branch" checked + out and you may find it easier to switch back and forth if you + juggle multiple lines of development simultaneously. Of + course, you will pay the price of more disk usage to hold + multiple working trees, but disk space is cheap these days. ] Publishing your work -------------------- -We already talked about using somebody else's work from a remote -repository, in the "merging external work" section. It involved -fetching the work from a remote repository; but how would _you_ -prepare a repository so that other people can fetch from it? +So we can use somebody else's work from a remote repository; but +how can _you_ prepare a repository to let other people pull from +it? -Your real work happens in your working directory with your +Your do your real work in your working directory that has your primary repository hanging under it as its ".git" subdirectory. -You _could_ make it accessible remotely and ask people to pull -from it, but in practice that is not the way things are usually -done. A recommended way is to have a public repository, make it -reachable by other people, and when the changes you made in your -primary working directory are in good shape, update the public -repository with it. +You _could_ make that repository accessible remotely and ask +people to pull from it, but in practice that is not the way +things are usually done. A recommended way is to have a public +repository, make it reachable by other people, and when the +changes you made in your primary working directory are in good +shape, update the public repository from it. This is often +called "pushing". [ Side note: this public repository could further be mirrored, and that is how kernel.org git repositories are done. ] -Publishing the changes from your private repository to your -public repository requires you to have write privilege on the -machine that hosts your public repository, and it is internally -done via an SSH connection. +Publishing the changes from your local (private) repository to +your remote (public) repository requires a write privilege on +the remote machine. You need to have an SSH account there to +run a single command, "git-receive-pack". -First, you need to create an empty repository to push to on the -machine that houses your public repository. This needs to be +First, you need to create an empty repository on the remote +machine that will house your public repository. This empty +repository will be populated and be kept up-to-date by pushing +into it later. Obviously, this repository creation needs to be done only once. +[ Digression: "git push" uses a pair of programs, + "git-send-pack" on your local machine, and "git-receive-pack" + on the remote machine. The communication between the two over + the network internally uses an SSH connection. ] + Your private repository's GIT directory is usually .git, but -often your public repository is named ".git". -Let's create such a public repository for project "my-git". -After logging into the remote machine, create an empty -directory: +your public repository is often named after the project name, +i.e. ".git". Let's create such a public repository for +project "my-git". After logging into the remote machine, create +an empty directory: mkdir my-git.git -Then, initialize that directory with git-init-db, but this time, -since it's name is not usual ".git", we do things a bit -differently: +Then, make that directory into a GIT repository by running +git-init-db, but this time, since it's name is not the usual +".git", we do things slightly differently: GIT_DIR=my-git.git git-init-db Make sure this directory is available for others you want your -changes to be pulled by. Also make sure that you have the -'git-receive-pack' program on the $PATH. - -[ Side note: many installations of sshd does not invoke your - shell as the login shell when you directly run programs; what - this means is that if your login shell is bash, only .bashrc - is read bypassing .bash_profile. As a workaround, make sure - .bashrc sets up $PATH so that 'git-receive-pack' program can - be run. ] - -Your 'public repository' is ready to accept your changes. Now, -come back to the machine you have your private repository. From +changes to be pulled by via the transport of your choice. Also +you need to make sure that you have the "git-receive-pack" +program on the $PATH. + +[ Side note: many installations of sshd do not invoke your shell + as the login shell when you directly run programs; what this + means is that if your login shell is bash, only .bashrc is + read and not .bash_profile. As a workaround, make sure + .bashrc sets up $PATH so that you can run 'git-receive-pack' + program. ] + +Your "public repository" is now ready to accept your changes. +Come back to the machine you have your private repository. From there, run this command: git push :/path/to/my-git.git master This synchronizes your public repository to match the named -branch head (i.e. refs/heads/master in this case) and objects -reachable from them in your current repository. +branch head (i.e. "master" in this case) and objects reachable +from them in your current repository. As a real example, this is how I update my public git repository. Kernel.org mirror network takes care of the -propagation to other publically visible machines: +propagation to other publicly visible machines: git push master.kernel.org:/pub/scm/git/git.git/ -[ to be continued.. cvsimports, pushing and pulling ] +[ Digression: your GIT "public" repository people can pull from + is different from a public CVS repository that lets read-write + access to multiple developers. It is a copy of _your_ primary + repository published for others to use, and you should not + push into it from more than one repository (this means, not + just disallowing other developers to push into it, but also + you should push into it from a single repository of yours). + Sharing the result of work done by multiple people are always + done by pulling (i.e. fetching and merging) from public + repositories of those people. Typically this is done by the + "project lead" person, and the resulting repository is + published as the public repository of the "project lead" for + everybody to base further changes on. ] + + + Packing your repository + ----------------------- + +Earlier, we saw that one file under .git/objects/??/ directory +is stored for each git object you create. This representation +is convenient and efficient to create atomically and safely, but +not so to transport over the network. Since git objects are +immutable once they are created, there is a way to optimize the +storage by "packing them together". The command + + git repack + +will do it for you. If you followed the tutorial examples, you +would have accumulated about 17 objects in .git/objects/??/ +directories by now. "git repack" tells you how many objects it +packed, and stores the packed file in .git/objects/pack +directory. + +[ Side Note: you will see two files, pack-*.pack and pack-*.idx, + in .git/objects/pack directory. They are closely related to + each other, and if you ever copy them by hand to a different + repository for whatever reason, you should make sure you copy + them together. The former holds all the data from the objects + in the pack, and the latter holds the index for random + access. ] + +If you are paranoid, running "git-verify-pack" command would +detect if you have a corrupt pack, but do not worry too much. +Our programs are always perfect ;-). + +Once you have packed objects, you do not need to leave the +unpacked objects that are contained in the pack file anymore. + + git prune-packed + +would remove them for you. + +You can try running "find .git/objects -type f" before and after +you run "git prune-packed" if you are curious. + +[ Side Note: as we already mentioned, "git pull" is broken for + some transports dealing with packed repositories right now, so + do not run "git prune-packed" if you plan to give "git pull" + access via HTTP transport for now. ] + +If you run "git repack" again at this point, it will say +"Nothing to pack". Once you continue your development and +accumulate the changes, running "git repack" again will create a +new pack, that contains objects created since you packed your +archive the last time. We recommend that you pack your project +soon after the initial import (unless you are starting your +project from scratch), and then run "git repack" every once in a +while, depending on how active your project is. + +When a repository is synchronized via "git push" and "git pull", +objects packed in the source repository is usually stored +unpacked in the destination, unless rsync transport is used. + + + Working with Others + ------------------- + +A recommended work cycle for a "project lead" is like this: + + (1) Prepare your primary repository on your local machine. Your + work is done there. + + (2) Prepare a public repository accessible to others. + + (3) Push into the public repository from your primary + repository. + + (4) "git repack" the public repository. This establishes a big + pack that contains the initial set of objects. + + (5) Keep working in your primary repository, and push your + changes to the public repository. Your changes include + your own, patches you receive via e-mail, and merge resulting + from pulling the "public" repositories of your "subsystem + maintainers". + + You can repack this private repository whenever you feel + like. + + (6) Every once in a while, "git repack" the public repository. + Go back to step (5) and continue working. + +A recommended work cycle for a "subsystem maintainer" that +works on that project and has own "public repository" is like +this: + + (1) Prepare your work repository, by "git clone" the public + repository of the "project lead". + + (2) Prepare a public repository accessible to others. + + (3) Copy over the packed files from "project lead" public + repository to your public repository by hand; this part is + currently not automated. + + (4) Push into the public repository from your primary + repository. + + (5) Keep working in your primary repository, and push your + changes to your public repository, and ask your "project + lead" to pull from it. Your changes include your own, + patches you receive via e-mail, and merge resulting from + pulling the "public" repositories of your "project lead" + and possibly your "sub-subsystem maintainers". + + You can repack this private repository whenever you feel + like. + + (6) Every once in a while, "git repack" the public repository. + Go back to step (5) and continue working. + +A recommended work cycle for an "individual developer" who does +not have a "public" repository is somewhat different. It goes +like this: + + (1) Prepare your work repositories, by "git clone" the public + repository of the "project lead" (or "subsystem + maintainer", if you work on a subsystem). + + (2) Copy .git/refs/master to .git/refs/upstream. + + (3) Do your work there. Make commits. + + (4) Run "git fetch" from the public repository of your upstream + every once in a while. This does only the first half of + "git pull" but does not merge. The head of the public + repository is stored in .git/FETCH_HEAD. Copy it in + .git/refs/heads/upstream. + + (5) Use "git cherry" to see which ones of your patches were + accepted, and/or use "git rebase" to port your unmerged + changes forward to the updated upstream. + + (6) Use "git format-patch upstream" to prepare patches for + e-mail submission to your upstream and send it out. + Go back to step (3) and continue. + +[Side Note: I think Cogito calls this upstream "origin". + Somebody care to confirm or deny? ] + + +[ to be continued.. cvsimports ] -- 2.11.0