objects). There are currently four different object types: "blob",
"tree", "commit" and "tag".
-A "blob" object cannot refer to any other object, and is, like the tag
+A "blob" object cannot refer to any other object, and is, like the type
implies, a pure storage object containing some user data. It is used to
actually store the file data, i.e. a blob object is associated with some
particular version of some file.
Regardless of object type, all objects share the following
characteristics: they are all deflated with zlib, and have a header
-that not only specifies their tag, but also provides size information
+that not only specifies their type, but also provides size information
about the data in the object. It's worth noting that the SHA1 hash
that is used to name the object is the hash of the original data
plus this header, so `sha1sum` 'file' does not match the object name
independently of the contents or the type of the object: all objects can
be validated by verifying that (a) their hashes match the content of the
file and (b) the object successfully inflates to a stream of bytes that
-forms a sequence of <ascii t
ag without space> + <space> + <ascii decimal
+forms a sequence of <ascii t
ype without space> + <space> + <ascii decimal
size> + <byte\0> + <binary object data>.
The structured objects can further have their structure and
connectivity to other objects verified. This is generally done with
-the `git-fsck-cache` program, which generates a full dependency graph
+the `git-fsck-objects` program, which generates a full dependency graph
of all objects, and verifies their internal consistency (in addition
to just verifying their superficial consistency through the hash).
directory tree, and renaming a file does not change the object that
file is associated with in any way.
-A blob is typically created when link:git-update-cache.html[git-update-cache]
-is run, and its data can be accessed by link:git-cat-file.html[git-cat-file].
+A blob is typically created when gitlink:git-update-index[1]
+is run, and its data can be accessed by gitlink:git-cat-file[1].
Tree Object
~~~~~~~~~~~
noticing that the blob stayed the same. However, renames with data
changes need a smarter "diff" implementation.
-A tree is created with link:git-write-tree.html[git-write-tree] and
-its data can be accessed by link:git-ls-tree.html[git-ls-tree].
-Two trees can be compared with link:git-diff-tree.html[git-diff-tree].
+A tree is created with gitlink:git-write-tree[1] and
+its data can be accessed by gitlink:git-ls-tree[1].
+Two trees can be compared with gitlink:git-diff-tree[1].
Commit Object
~~~~~~~~~~~~~
of the parents), and describing that makes no sense in this idiotic
file manager.
-A commit is created with link:git-commit-tree.html[git-commit-tree] and
-its data can be accessed by link:git-cat-file.html[git-cat-file].
+A commit is created with gitlink:git-commit-tree[1] and
+its data can be accessed by gitlink:git-cat-file[1].
Trust
~~~~~
integrity; the trust framework (and signature provision and
verification) has to come from outside.
-A tag is created with link:git-mktag.html[git-mktag],
-its data can be accessed by link:git-cat-file.html[git-cat-file],
+A tag is created with gitlink:git-mktag[1],
+its data can be accessed by gitlink:git-cat-file[1],
and the signature can be verified by
-link:git-verify-tag-script.html[git-verify-tag].
+gitlink:git-verify-tag[1].
The "index" aka "Current Directory Cache"
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
You update the index with information from the working directory with
-the link:git-update-cache.html[git-update-cache] command. You
+the gitlink:git-update-index[1] command. You
generally update the index information by just specifying the filename
you want to update, like so:
- git-update-cache filename
+ git-update-index filename
but to avoid common mistakes with filename globbing etc, the command
will not normally add totally new entries or remove old entries,
i.e. it will normally just update existing cache entries.
To tell git that yes, you really do realize that certain files no
-longer exist in the archive, or that new files should be added, you
+longer exist, or that new files should be added, you
should use the `--remove` and `--add` flags respectively.
NOTE! A `--remove` flag does 'not' mean that subsequent filenames will
considering a removed file to be a valid thing, and if the file really
does not exist any more, it will update the index accordingly.
-As a special case, you can also do `git-update-cache --refresh`, which
+As a special case, you can also do `git-update-index --refresh`, which
will refresh the "stat" information of each index to match the current
stat information. It will 'not' update the object status itself, and
it will only update the fields that are used to quickly test whether
files. This is not a very common operation, since normally you'd just
keep your files updated, and rather than write to your working
directory, you'd tell the index files about the changes in your
-working directory (i.e. `git-update-cache`).
+working directory (i.e. `git-update-index`).
However, if you decide to jump to a new version, or check out somebody
else's version, or just restore a previous tree, you'd populate your
index file with read-tree, and then you need to check out the result
with
- git-checkout-cache filename
+ git-checkout-index filename
or, if you want to check out all of the index, use `-a`.
-NOTE! git-checkout-cache normally refuses to overwrite old files, so
+NOTE! git-checkout-index normally refuses to overwrite old files, so
if you have an old version of the tree already checked out, you will
need to use the "-f" flag ('before' the "-a" flag or the filename) to
'force' the checkout.
that commit, and you should save it away for later use. Normally,
you'd commit a new `HEAD` state, and while git doesn't care where you
save the note about that state, in practice we tend to just write the
-result to the file `.git/HEAD`, so that we can always see what the
-last committed state was.
+result to the file pointed at by `.git/HEAD`, so that we can always see
+what the last committed state was.
+
+Here is an ASCII art by Jon Loeliger that illustrates how
+various pieces fit together.
+
+------------
+
+ commit-tree
+ commit obj
+ +----+
+ | |
+ | |
+ V V
+ +-----------+
+ | Object DB |
+ | Backing |
+ | Store |
+ +-----------+
+ ^
+ write-tree | |
+ tree obj | |
+ | | read-tree
+ | | tree obj
+ V
+ +-----------+
+ | Index |
+ | "cache" |
+ +-----------+
+ update-index ^
+ blob obj | |
+ | |
+ checkout-index -u | | checkout-index
+ stat | | blob obj
+ V
+ +-----------+
+ | Working |
+ | Directory |
+ +-----------+
+
+------------
+
6) Examining the data
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
You can examine the data represented in the object database and the
index with various helper tools. For every object, you can use
-link:git-cat-file.html[git-cat-file] to examine details about the
+gitlink:git-cat-file[1] to examine details about the
object:
git-cat-file -t <objectname>
follow the convention of having the top commit name in `.git/HEAD`,
you can do
- git-cat-file commit $(cat .git/HEAD)
+ git-cat-file commit HEAD
to see what the top commit was.
Historical note. We did not have `-u` facility when this
section was first written, so we used to warn that
the merge is done in the index file, not in your
-working directory, and your working directory will no longer match your
-index.
+working tree, and your working tree will not match your
+index after this step.
+This is no longer true. The above command, thanks to `-u`
+option, updates your working tree with the merge results for
+paths that have been trivially merged.
8) Merging multiple trees, continued
merge result for this file is by:
mv -f hello.c~2 hello.c
- git-update-cache hello.c
+ git-update-index hello.c
-When a path is in unmerged state, running `git-update-cache` for
+When a path is in unmerged state, running `git-update-index` for
that path tells git to mark the path resolved.
The above is the description of a git merge at the lowest level,
to help you understand what conceptually happens under the hood.
In practice, nobody, not even git itself, uses three `git-cat-file`
-for this. There is `git-merge-cache` program that extracts the
-stages to temporary files and calls a `merge` script on it
+for this. There is `git-merge-index` program that extracts the
+stages to temporary files and calls a "merge" script on it:
- git-merge-cache git-merge-one-file-script hello.c
+ git-merge-index git-merge-one-file hello.c
and that is what higher level `git resolve` is implemented with.
projects / git.git / blobdiff